The Game of the Century

Bobby Fischer, age 13, gives a Simultaneous Exibition in New Jersey, 1956.

The Game of the Century refers to a chess game played between Donald Byrne and 13-year old Bobby Fischer in the Rosenwald Memorial Tournament in New York City on October 17, 1956. It was nicknamed "The Game of the Century" by Hans Kmoch in Chess Review.

In this game, Fischer (playing black) demonstrates brilliance, innovation, improvisation and poetry. Byrne (playing white), after a standard opening, makes a minor mistake on move 11, moving the same piece twice (wasting time). Fischer pounces, with strong sacrificial play, culminating in an incredible queen sacrifice on move 17. Byrne captures the queen, but Fischer more than compensates by taking many other pieces. The ending is an excellent demonstration of pieces working together to achieve a checkmate.

Chess book author Graham Burgess suggests three lessons to be learned from this game, which can be summarized as follows:

• In general, don't waste time by moving the same piece twice in an opening; get your other pieces developed first.
• Material sacrifices are likely to be effective if your opponent's king is still in the middle and a central file is open.
• Even at 13, Fischer was a player to be reckoned with.

Donald Byrne (1930-1976), by the time of this game, had already obtained first place in the 1953 US Open Championship, and would later represent the United States in three Olympiads (1962, 1964, and 1968). He became an International Master in 1962. Robert "Bobby" Fischer (1943- ) won the world chess championship in 1972.

The game is given here in algebraic notation:

1. Nf3

A noncommittal move. From here, the game can develop into a number of different openings.

1. ... Nf6 2. c4 g6 3. Nc3 Bg7

Fischer has opted for a defense based on "hypermodern" principles: he's inviting Byrne to establish a classical pawn stronghold in the center, which Fischer hopes to undermine and transform into a target. Fischer has fianchettoed his bishop, so it can attack the a1-h8 diagonal including its center squares.

4. d4 O-O

Fischer castles, concentrating on protecting his king immediately.

5. Bf4 d5

This introduces the Grünfeld Defence, an opening usually brought about with the opening moves 1.d4 Nf6 2.c4 g6 3.Nc3 d5.

6. Qb3

The so-called Russian System, putting pressure on Fischer's central d5 pawn.

6. ...dxc4

Fischer relinquishes his centre, but draws Byrne's queen to a square where it is a little exposed and can be attacked.

7. Qxc4 c6 8. e4 Nbd7 9. Rd1 Nb6 10. Qc5 Bg4

At this point, Byrne's pieces are more developed, and he controls the center squares. However, Fischer's king is well-protected, while Byrne's king is not.

11. Bg5?

Here Byrne makes a mistake - he moves the same piece twice, losing time, instead of developing in some way. Both [Burgess, Nunn and Emms] and [Wade and O'Connell] suggest 11. Be2; this would protect the King and enable a later kingside castle. For example, the game Flear-Morris, Dublin 1991, continued 11. Be2 Nfd7 12. Qa3 Bxf3 13. Bxf3 e5 14. dxe5 Qe8 15. Be2 Nxe5 16. O-O and white is better.

         
          After 11. Bg5

11. ... Na4!!

Here Fischer cleverly offers up his Knight, but if Byrne takes it with Nxa4 Fischer will play Nxe4, and Byrne then suddenly has some terrible choices:

13. Qxe7 Qa5+ 14. b4 Qxa4 15. Qxe4 Rfe8 16. Be7 Bxf3 17. gxf3 Bf8 produces a terrible pin.

13. Bxe7 Nxc5 14. Bxd8 Nxa4 15. Bg5 Bxf3 16. gxf3 Nxb2 gives Fischer an extra pawn and ruins Byrne's pawn structure.

13. Qc1 Qa5+ Nc3 Bxf3 15.gxf3 Nxg5 gives Fischer back his piece and a better position.

12. Qa3 Nxc3 13. bxc3 Nxe4!

Fischer offers to Byrne material, in exchange for a much better position that is especially dangerous to white: an open e-file, with white's king poorly protected.

14. Bxe7 Qb6 15. Bc4

Byrne wisely decides to decline the offered material.

15. ... Nxc3! 16. Bc5 Rfe8+ 17. Kf1

After 17. Kf1

Be6!!

This is a very clever move by Fischer; the move that made this game famous. Instead of trying to protect his queen, Fischer viciously counter-attacks using his bishop and sacrifices his queen.

18. Bxb6

Byrne takes Fischer's offered queen, which leads to a massive loss of material, but other moves are no better. For example, 18.Bxe6 leads to a forced smothered mate with 18...Qb5+ 19.Kg1 Ne2+ 20.Kf1 Ng3+ 21.Kg1 Qf1+ 22.Rxf1 Ne2#.

18. ... Bxc4+

Fischer now begins a series of discovered checks, picking up material.

19. Kg1 Ne2+ 20. Kf1 Nxd4+ 21. Kg1 Ne2+ 22. Kf1 Nc3+ 23. Kg1 axb6

This move by Fischer takes time out to capture a piece, but it doesn't waste time because it also threatens Byrne's queen. Byrne's queen cannot take the knight on c3, because it's protected by Fischer's bishop on g7.

24. Qb4 Ra4

Fischer uses his pieces together nicely in concert; the knight on c3 protects the rook on a4, which in turn protects the bishop on c4. This forces Byrne's queen away.

25. Qxb6

Byrne's queen picks up a pawn, but it's now poorly placed.

25. ... Nxd1

Fischer has taken a rook, 2 bishops, and a pawn as compensation for his queen; in short, Fischer has gained significantly more material than he's lost. In addition, Byrne's remaining rook is stuck on h1 and it will take precious time to free it, giving Fischer opportunity to set up another offensive. White has the only remaining queen, but this will not be enough. Most players would resign at this point, but Byrne plays on until mate.

26. h3 Rxa2 27. Kh2 Nxf2 28. Re1 Rxe1 29. Qd8+ Bf8 30. Nxe1 Bd5 31. Nf3 Ne4 32. Qb8 b5 33. h4 h5 34. Ne5 Kg7

Fischer breaks the pin, allowing the bishop to attack as well.

35. Kg1 Bc5+

Now Fischer "peels away" the white king from his last defender, and begins a series of checks that culminate in checkmate. This series of moves is interesting in the way Fischer shows how to use various pieces together to force a checkmate.

36. Kf1 Ng3+

The knight enters the fray to force Byrne's king to the queenside.

37. Ke1 Bb4+ 38. Kd1 Bb3+ 39. Kc1 Ne2+ 40. Kb1 Nc3+ 41. Kc1 Rc2# 0-1

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